What Are Exoplanets and How Do We Find Them?

In this short film, Dr. David Charbonneau explores what exoplanets are and describes how scientists determine the qualities of these planets.
  • Date Published

    February 4, 2019

2:25

What Are Exoplanets and How Do We Find Them?

Video Transcript:

(transcripción en español, aquí abajo)

Dr. David Charbonneau: The first thing to know when you’re thinking about how we study planets around other stars is that we never get to see the planets directly. The way that most planets have been found is we wait for the planet to pass in front of the star. When it passes in front of the star, it blocks some of the light from the star; we can see the star get a little bit fainter and a little bit brighter as it passes out from our point of view.

Then, based on that we can infer, for example, the size of the planet. If it’s a bigger planet, it will block more light. In terms of understanding the properties of the planets, what we really would like to measure are their sizes, their masses, and, if we put those two ideas together, therefore, their density and maybe what they’re made of. Are they made of dense things like rock, like the Earth, or are they made of puffy things like gas, like Jupiter?

The way that astronomers learn about the mass of a planet is through the dance of the planet and star. Think about it as if you’re watching two dance partners on the dance floor, but one dance partner was 10 or 20 or 100,000 times heavier than the other one, but that heavier dance partner would still do-si-do back and forth. We can study the light from the star, see that it’s dosi-doing back and forth, and we call that the wobble method or the Doppler method. That allows us to know that there’s a planet there, even if we don’t see the planet. It allows us to measure the mass of the planet because a heavier planet would cause the star to wobble more.

Furthermore, we like to figure out the temperature of the planet and, fortunately, that’s very easy. The temperature really is set by the distance from the star, and we can infer the distance of the star by measuring how long it takes the planet to go around in its orbit. We’ve been able to measure the size and the mass and the temperature for thousands of worlds, and now we have a very good understanding of which of those planets are a little more like Earth, both in terms of being rocky and being temperate, and which are really not like the Earth, maybe because they have a lot of gas or maybe because they’re much, much, much hotter or much colder.

 

¿Que son los Exoplanetas y cómo los podemos hallar?

Dr. David Charbonneau: Lo primero que se debe saber cuándo uno piensa sobre cómo estudiamos los planetas alrededor de otras estrellas, es que nunca logramos ver los planetas directamente. La forma como han sido descubiertos la mayoría de los planetas es esperando a que el planeta pase en frente de la estrella. Cuando pasa en frente de la estrella, bloquea parte de la luz de la estrella. Podemos ver a la estrella perder un poco de su brillo y ponerse más brillante a medida que pasa de nuestro campo visual.

Y luego, basándonos en eso podemos inferir, por ejemplo, el tamaño del planeta. En el caso de un planeta más grande, éste bloqueará más luz. En lo relacionado con entender las propiedades de los planetas, lo que realmente nos gustaría poder medir es sus tamaños, su masa, y si combinamos esas dos ideas, por lo tanto, su densidad y quizás de qué está compuesto. ¿Están hechos de cosas densas como piedra, como la Tierra? ¿O están hechos de cosas sin mucha densidad, como gas, como Júpiter?

La forma en que los astrónomos aprenden sobre la masa de un planeta es por medio de la danza del planeta y la estrella. Imagínelo como si estuviera observando a dos bailarines en la pista de baile, pero uno fuera 10 o 20 o 100,000 veces más pesado que el otro. El bailarín más pesado todavía se movería hacia adelante y hacia atrás. Así que podemos estudiar la luz de la estrella, ver que está bailando de un lado a otro. Llamamos a eso método “wobble,” o método Doppler. Nos permite saber que existe un planeta ahí, aunque no podamos ver el planeta. Y nos permite medir la masa del planeta, porque un planeta más pesado haría que la estrella se meneara más.

Además, nos gustaría averiguar la temperatura del planeta y afortunadamente eso es muy fácil. La temperatura la decide la distancia a la que se halla de la estrella, y podemos inferir la distancia de la estrella al medir cuanto tiempo le toma al planeta completar su órbita. Así que hemos podido medir el tamaño, la masa y la temperatura de miles de mundos. Ahora entendemos muy bien cuál de esos planetas se parece un poco a la Tierra, tanto en lo que tiene que ver con ser rocoso y templado, y cuáles en realidad no son como la Tierra, quizás porque tienen mucho gas o porque son muchísimo más calientes, o mucho más fríos.

How are new planets discovered? How are new planets quantified in terms of size, mass, density, material, and temperature? In this short film, Dr. David Charbonneau explores what exoplanets are and describes how scientists determine the qualities of these planets. He explains some of the innovative scientific methods in astronomy today that allow us to discover and evaluate previously undiscovered planets.

Featured Scholars:

Dr. David Charbonneau is a professor of astronomy at Harvard University and an astronomer at the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. His research focuses on the development of novel techniques for the detection and characterization of planets orbiting nearby Sun-like stars. He led the first studies of the compositions of exoplanets and of their atmospheres, and he is a member of the NASA Kepler Mission to find Earth-like planets.

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